[1] Marc Rotenberg, Protecting Human Dignity in the Digital Age (UNESCO 2000).
[2] James Michael, Privacy and Human Rights 1 (UNESCO 1994).
[3] Simon Davies, Big Brother: Britain's Web of Surveillance and the New Technological Order 23 (Pan 1996).
[4] Volio, Fernando, "Legal personality, privacy and the family" in Henkin (ed), The International Bill of Rights (Columbia University Press 1981).
[5] Samuel Warren and Louis Brandeis, The Right to Privacy, 4 Harvard Law Review 193-220 (1890).
[6] Robert Ellis Smith, Ben Franklin's Web Site 6 (Sheridan Books 2000).
[7] Privacy as an Aspect of Human Dignity, 39 New York University Law Review 971 (1964).
[8] Privacy and the Limits of Law, 89 Yale Law Journal 421, 428 (1980).
[9] Report of the Committee on Privacy and Related Matters, Chairman David Calcutt QC, 1990, Cmnd. 1102, London: HMSO, at 7.
[10] "The Australian Privacy Charter," published by the Australian Privacy Charter Group, Law School, University of New South Wales, Sydney (1994).
[11] EPIC maintains a list of privacy tools at http://www.epic.org/privacy/tools.html.
[12] an-Noor 24:27-28 (Yusufali); al-Hujraat 49:11-12 (Yusufali).
[13] Volume 1, Book 10, Number 509 (Sahih Bukhari); Book 020, Number 4727 (Sahih Muslim); Book 31, Number 4003 (Sunan Abu Dawud).
[14] Richard Hixson, Privacy in a Public Society: Human Rights in Conflict 3 (1987). See also, Barrington Moore, Privacy: Studies in Social and Cultural History (1984).
[15] See Jeffrey Rosen, The Unwanted Gaze (Random House 2000).
[16] Id. at 5.
[17] James Michael, supra, at. 15. Justices of the Peace Act, 1361 (Eng.), 34 Edw. 3, c. 1.
[18] Entick v. Carrington, 1558-1774 All E.R. Rep. 45.
[19] Speech on the Excise Bill, 1763.
[20] The Rachel affaire. Judgment of June 16, 1858, Trib. pr. inst. de la Seine, 1858 D.P. III 62. See Jeanne M. Hauch, Protecting Private Facts in France: The Warren & Brandeis Tort is Alive and Well and Flourishing in Paris, 68 Tulane Law Review 1219 (May 1994).
[21] See Prof. Dr. Juris Jon Bing, Data Protection in Norway, 1996, available at http://www.jus.uio.no/iri/rettsinfo/lib/papers/dp_norway/dp_norway.html.
[22] Warren and Brandeis, supra.
[23] Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopted and proclaimed by General Assembly resolution 217 A (III) of December 10, 1948, available at http://www.un.org/Overview/rights.html.
[24] See generally, Marc Rotenberg, ed., The Privacy Law Sourcebook: United States Law, International Law and Recent Developments (EPIC 2003).
[25] International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI) of December 16, 1966, entry into force March 23 1976, available at http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/a_ccpr.htm.
[26] International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, adopted by General Assembly resolution 45/158 of December 18, 1990, available at http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/m_mwctoc.htm.
[27] Convention on the Rights of the Child, adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolution 44/25 of November 20, 1989, entry into force September 2, 1990, available at http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/k2crc.htm.
[28] See generally, Lee Bygrave, "Data Protection Pursuant to the Right of Privacy in Human Rights Treaties," 6 International Journal of Law and Information Technology 247-284 (1998), available at http://folk.uio.no/lee/publications.
[29] Council of Europe, Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, (ETS No: 005) open for signature November 4, 1950, entry into force September 3, 1950, available at http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/EN/cadreprincipal.htm.
[30] Nadine Strossen, Recent United States and International Judicial Protection of Individual Rights: A comparative Legal Process Analysis and Proposed Synthesis, 41 Hastings Law Journal 805 (1990).
[31] X v. Iceland, 5 Eur. Comm'n H.R. 86.87 (1976).
[32] European Court of Human Rights, Case of Klass and Others: Judgement of 6 September 1978, Series A No. 28 (1979). Malone v. Commissioner of Police, 2 All E.R. 620 (1979). See Note, Secret Surveillance and the European Convention on Human Rights, 33 Stanford Law Review 1113, 1122 (1981).
[33] Judgement of 26 March 1987 (Leander Case).
[34] Id. at 848-49.
[35] Signed November 22, 1969, entered into force July 18, 1978, O.A.S. Treaty Series No. 36, at 1, O.A.S. Off. Rec. OEA/Ser. L/V/II.23 dec rev. 2, available at http://www.oas.org/juridico/english/Treaties/b-32.htm.
[36] O.A.S. Res XXX, adopted by the Ninth Conference of American States, 1948 OEA/Ser/. L./V/I.4 Rev (1965).
[37] An excellent analysis of these laws is found in David Flaherty, Protecting Privacy in Surveillance Societies (University of North Carolina Press 1989).
[38] Convention for the Protection of Individuals with regard to the Automatic Processing of Personal Data Convention, ETS No. 108, Strasbourg, 1981, available at http://www.coe.fr/eng/legaltxt/108e.htm.
[39] OECD, "Guidelines Governing the Protection of Privacy and Transborder Data Flows of Personal Data" (1981), available at http://www.oecd.org/dsti/sti/it/secur/prod/PRIV-EN.HTM.
[40] Directive 95/46/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 October 1995 on the Protection of Individuals with Regard to the Processing of Personal Data and on the Free Movement of such Data, available at http://europa.eu.int/comm/internal_market/en/media/dataprot/law/index.htm.
[41] Directive 97/66/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 December 1997 on the Processing of Personal Data and the Protection of Privacy in the Telecommunications Sector (Directive), available at http://www.ispo.cec.be/legal/en/dataprot/protection.html.
[42] European Union member countries were required to enact implementing legislation by October 1998. As of the summer 2002, however, several are still pending.
[43] European Commission, Proposal for a directive of the European Parliament and of the Council Concerning the Processing of Personal Data and the Protection of Privacy in the Electronic Communications Sector, available at http://europa.eu.int/comm/information_society/policy/framework/pdf/com2000385_en.pdf.
[44] Jelle van Buuren, "Telecommunication Council Wants New Investigation Into Privacy Rules," Heise Online, October 17, 2001.
[45] Respectively, MEPs Ana Palacio Vallelersundi and Elena Paciotti, members of the PPE (European Peoples' Party/Christian Democrats) and PSE (Social Democrats) political parties.
[46] 2439th Council meeting, Luxembourg, June 25, 2002. Transcripts of proceedings available at http://europa.eu.int/rapid/start/cgi/guesten.ksh?p_action.gettxt=gt&doc=PRES/02/180|0|AGED&lg=EN.
[47] Council of Europe, Convention for the Protection of Individuals with regard to the Automatic Processing of Personal Data, 1981, available at http://www.coe.fr/eng/legaltxt/108e.htm.
[48] See European Commission Press Release, "Data protection: Commission adopts decisions recognising adequacy of regimes in United States, Switzerland and Hungary," July 27, 2000, available at http://europa.eu.int/comm/internal_market/en/media/dataprot/news/safeharbor.htm.
[49] Commission Decision of December 20, 2001, Official Journal of the European Communities L 2/13, available at http://www.europa.eu.int/comm/internal_market/dataprot/adequacy/canada-faq_en.htm
[50] See European Union, Internal Market Directorate, Background Information: Transfer of data to non-European Union countries - FAQ, available at http://europa.eu.int/comm/internal_market/en/media/dataprot/backinfo/info.htm.
[51] Joint Study of the Council of Europe and the Commission of the European Communities (1992), available at http://www.coe.fr/dataprotection/Etudes_Rapports/ectype.htm.
[52] European Parliament Resolution on the Draft Commission Decision on the Adequacy of the Protection Provided by the Safe Harbour Privacy Principles and related Frequently Asked Questions issued by the United States Department of Commerce, available at http://www.epic.org/privacy/intl/EP_SH_resolution_0700.html.
[53]For general guidance on the role of contracts see European Union Article 29 Data Protection Working Group, "Transfers of personal data to third countries: Applying Articles 25 and 26 of the European Union data protection directive, " July 24, 1998, available at http://europa.eu.int/comm/internal_market/en/media/dataprot/wpdocs/wp12en.htm.
[54] Commission Approves Standard Contractual Clauses For Data Transfers To Non-European Union Countries, Press Release of the Internal Market Directorate, July 18, 2001, available at http://europa.eu.int/comm/internal_market/en/dataprot/news/clauses2.htm.
[55] "Bush Administration Criticizes European Union Privacy Rules," EPIC Alert 8.06, March 29, 2001 http://www.epic.org/alert/EPIC_Alert_8.06.html.
[56] Paul M. Schwartz and Joel R. Reidenberg, Data Privacy Law (Michie 1996).
[57] See, e.g., Public Comments Received by the United States Department of Commerce in Response to the Safe Harbor Documents April 5, 2000, available at http://www.ita.doc.gov/td/ecom/Comments400/publiccomments0400.html.
[58] European Parliament Resolution, supra, n.50.
[59] Commission Decision on the adequacy of the protection provided by the Safe Harbour Privacy Principles and related Frequently Asked Questions issued by the United States Department of Commerce, available at http://europa.eu.int/comm/internal_market/en/media/dataprot/news/decision.pdf.
[60] See, e.g.the earlier Statement of the Transatlantic Consumer Protection Dialogue on United States Department of Commerce Draft International Safe Harbor Privacy Principles and FAQs March 30, 2000, available at http://www.tacd.org/ecommercef.html#usdraft.
[61] European Commission Staff Working Paper, February 2002, available at http://europa.eu.int/comm/internal_market/en/dataprot/news/02-196_en.pdf.
[62] "Working Document on the Functioning of the Safe Harbor Agreement," Article 29 Data Protection Working Party, 11194/02/EN, July 2, 2002, available at http://europa.eu.int/comm/internal_market/en/dataprot/wpdocs/wp62_en.pdf